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Case Study #162 — 300 Software Failure Case Studies

UK Ofqual A-level grading algorithm scandal

The UK exam regulator Ofqual's algorithm, used to assign A-level and GCSE grades after COVID-19 cancelled exams, downgraded nearly 40% of teacher-predicted grades, disproportionately harming disadvantaged students; the government reversed course within days amid public outcry.

2020-08
When it happened
Government
Sector
#162 of 300
Ranked by documented impact
01 — What Happened

The damage was public. The root cause was preventable.

The UK exam regulator Ofqual's algorithm, used to assign A-level and GCSE grades after COVID-19 cancelled exams, downgraded nearly 40% of teacher-predicted grades, disproportionately harming disadvantaged students; the government reversed course within days amid public outcry.

Government
Sector affected
2020-08
Date of the event
#162
Rank in the 300 Software Failure Case Studies
1
Distinct root-cause clause identified below
02 — The Root Cause

What the software actually got wrong

The grading algorithm weighted a school's historical exam performance heavily when standardizing teacher-predicted grades, systematically pulling down individual students' results toward their school's past average rather than reflecting each student's own predicted attainment.

01Root Cause

The grading algorithm weighted a school's historical exam performance...

What Happened

The grading algorithm weighted a school's historical exam performance heavily when standardizing teacher-predicted grades, systematically pulling down individual students' results toward their school's past average rather than reflecting each student's own predicted attainment.

How Requs AI Catches This

Requs AI Edge Case flags this exact pattern at the requirements and architecture stage — before a single line of code implementing it exists — so the assumption behind it gets challenged while it is still cheap to fix.

03 — How This Gets Caught Before It Happens

Beyond code coverage and "shall" testing

Root causes like this one rarely show up in code coverage or requirements-compliance testing, because nobody wrote a requirement anticipating the specific edge case that broke. Requs AI Edge Case and Requs AI Software FMEA are built to surface exactly this class of overlooked failure mode — before the software is written.

Requs AI Edge Case

Surfaces this before code exists

Identifies edge cases like this one at requirements and architecture time, using the Common Defect Enumeration to catalog failure patterns seen across hundreds of real-world software failures — including this one.

Requs AI Software FMEA

Connects the failure mode to the hazard

Traces this class of root cause directly to the system-level hazard it can produce, so a defect pattern like this one gets flagged during design review instead of after it ships.

Find the overlooked root causes before they ship.

Schedule a demonstration, or explore how Requs AI Edge Case and Software FMEA use the Common Defect Enumeration.